![]() It can also be confirmed that even late in the Paleolithic Period, humans had begun to perform small “ medical” procedures. These showed evidence that the primitive human had a relatively vast knowledge of the anatomy of the human body, despite the simplicity of the drawings of what was seen. Anatomical structures, hyroglifics, and drawings that date back as early as 750000 BCE have been discovered in caves. Humans are a curious species and we have always been interested in how bodies have been formed and created. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Use the information below to generate a citation. Then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Throughout this book, "female" and "male" refer to sex only, and the typical anatomy and physiology of XX and XY individuals is discussed. For some people, gender identity is different from biological sex or their sex assigned at birth. People often use the words "female" and "male" to describe two different concepts: our sense of gender identity, and our biological sex as determined by our chromosomes, hormones, organs, and other physical characteristics. In this book and throughout your studies of biological sciences, you will often read descriptions related to similarities and differences among biological structures, processes, and health related to a person's biological sex. In fact, most organs contribute to more than one system. Assigning organs to organ systems can be imprecise since organs that “belong” to one system can also have functions integral to another system. This book covers eleven distinct organ systems in the human body ( Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5). An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. A tissue is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function. In humans, as in all organisms, cells perform all functions of life. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells.Ī human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles. Even bacteria, which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.Ī cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is an atom. ![]() ![]() ![]() All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. Figure 1.3 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism.
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